Problematic Issues of Citizens’ Participation on Urban Heritage Conservation and Planning to Achieve Sustainable Conservation in the Historic Cities of Iran

Abstract

Citizens’ participation in cultural heritage conservation has become a global issue within bottom-up approaches to planning. This paper investigates problematic aspects of public involvement in urban heritage conservation (UHC) in the historic cities of Iran. It first highlights global and local concerns regarding participation in built-heritage conservation, positioning the role of citizens in decision-making and planning both in Iran and internationally. The study then examines the tension between conservation and urban development trends in Iran, noting the impact of modernization on tangible and intangible heritage. A historical review of citizen participation, the urban planning management system, and approaches to UHC in Iran provides insight into contemporary processes. Findings indicate that conservation and development approaches are often in conflict, with limited citizen influence in planning and decision-making. Rapid urban sprawl has damaged historic urban fabrics, underscoring the need for integrated practices and interactive approaches. The paper concludes that aligning development with conservation through effective citizen participation is essential for achieving sustainable heritage conservation in Iran’s historic cities.